Satellite Technology

Introduction to Satellites

A satellite is an object that has been intentionally placed into orbit. These objects are called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as Earth's Moon.

The first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. Since then, thousands of satellites have been launched into orbit around Earth.

How Satellites Work

Satellites operate by balancing two forces:

• Gravity - Pulls the satellite toward Earth
• Inertia - The tendency of the satellite to keep moving forward

When these forces are balanced, the satellite falls around Earth rather than into it, maintaining a stable orbit.

Types of Satellites

Satellite Orbits

• Low Earth Orbit (LEO): 160-2,000 km altitude. Short orbital period (90-120 min). Used for imaging, ISS.
• Medium Earth Orbit (MEO): 2,000-35,786 km. Used for navigation (GPS).
• Geostationary Orbit (GEO): 35,786 km. Matches Earth's rotation. Always above same point. Used for communications.
• Polar Orbit: Passes over Earth's poles. Provides global coverage. Used for weather, reconnaissance.

History of Satellite Technology

Modern Satellite Technology

Recent advancements in satellite technology include:

• Small satellites: CubeSats and nanosatellites (1-10 kg) reducing costs
• Reusable rockets: SpaceX Falcon 9 reducing launch costs
• Mega-constellations: Projects like Starlink providing global internet
• Advanced propulsion: Ion thrusters for station-keeping
• AI integration: Onboard processing for data analysis

Future of Satellite Technology

Emerging trends and future developments:

• Increased use of AI and machine learning for data processing
• Development of satellite servicing and debris removal systems
• More advanced Earth observation capabilities
• Expansion of global broadband internet coverage
• Potential for space-based solar power
• Development of quantum communication satellites